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1 πρεσβύτερος
πρεσβύτερος, α, ον (Hom.+; comp. of πρέσβυς)① pert. to being relatively advanced in age, older, oldⓐ of an individual person older of two ὁ υἱὸς ὁ πρ. (cp. Aelian, VH 9, 42; TestJob 15:2 τῷ ἀδελφῷ τῷ πρεσβυτέρῳ; JosAs; Just., A II, 6, 1) Lk 15:25; of Manasseh (w. Ephraim) B 13:5. In contrast to the younger generation οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the older ones J 8:9. Opp. οἱ νεανίσκοι Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1). Opp. νεώτεροι (s. νεός 3aβ) 1 Ti 5:1 (similar advice, containing a contrast betw. πρ. and νεώτ., from ins and lit. in MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.); 1 Pt 5:5 (though here the πρεσβύτεροι are not only the older people, but at the same time, the ‘elders’; s. 2bβ). The same double mng. is found for πρεσβύτεροι in 1 Cl 1:3 beside νέοι, while in 3:3; 21:6, beside the same word, the concept of being old is the dominant one (as Jos., C. Ap. 2, 206). On the disputed pass. Hv 3, 1, 8 (οἱ νεανίσκοι … οἱ πρεσβύτεροι) cp. MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.—Fem. πρεσβυτέρα old(er) woman (opp. νεωτέρα, as Gen 19:31) 1 Ti 5:2.—With no ref. to younger persons, w. complete disappearance of the comparative aspect: πρεσβύτερος an old man (Jos., Ant. 13, 226; 292 [as a witness of events in the past, as Ps.-Pla., Virt. 3, 377b; 4, 377c]) Hv 3, 12, 2; cp. 3, 11, 3. The personified church is called λίαν πρεσβυτέρα very old 3, 10, 3; cp. 3, 11, 2. She appears as ἡ πρ. the elderly woman 2, 1, 3; 3, 1, 2; 3, 10, 6; 9 and has τὰς τρίχας πρεσβυτέρας the hair of an old woman 3, 10, 4; 5; 3, 12, 1.ⓑ of a period of time (Petosiris, Fgm. 3 and 4 mention οἱ πρεσβύτεροι and οἱ νεώτεροι. In both instances the context shows that the reference is to astrologers from earlier and more recent times) οἱ πρεσβύτεροι the men of old, our ancestors Hb 11:2. ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων the tradition of the ancients (cp. Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 253 τῶν π. συγγράμματα) Mt 15:2; Mk 7:3, 5 (ELohse, D. Ordination im Spätjudentum u. NT, ’51, 50–56: scholars).② an official (cp. Lat. senator), elder, presbyterⓐ among the Jews (the congregation of a synagogue in Jerusalem used πρεσβύτεροι to denote its officers before 70 A.D.: SEG VIII, 170, 9; cp. Dssm., LO 378–80 [LAE 439–41]).α. for members of local councils in individual cities (cp. Josh 20:4; Ruth 4:2; 2 Esdr 10:14; Jdth 8:10; 10:6) Lk 7:3; 1 Cl 55:4.—Schürer II, 185.β. for members of a group in the Sanhedrin (Schürer II, 206–8; JJeremias, Jerusalem z. Zt. Jesu II B 1: Die gesellschaftl. Oberschicht 1929, 88ff). They are mentioned together w. (the) other groups: ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:5 has ἄρχοντες for this), γραμματεῖς, πρεσβύτεροι (the order is not always the same) Mt 16:21; 26:3 v.l.; 27:41; Mk 8:31; 11:27; 14:43, 53; 15:1; Lk 9:22; 20:1.—Only ἀρχιερεῖς (Ac 4:8 has for this ἄρχοντες τοῦ λαοῦ) and πρεσβύτεροι (τοῦ λαοῦ: cp. Ex 19:7; Num 11:16b, 24; 1 Macc 7:33; 12:35; Just., D. 40, 4 al.) Mt 21:23; 26:3, 47, 59 v.l.; 27:1, 3, 12, 20; 28:(11), 12; Lk 22:52 (here, as an exception, οἱ στρατηγοὶ τοῦ ἱεροῦ); Ac 4:23; 23:14; 25:15; cp. 24:1. Also οἱ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ οἱ ἱερεῖς GPt 7:25 (for this combination cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 83; 12, 406).—Only πρεσβύτεροι and γραμματεῖς Mt 26:57; Ac 6:12.—The use of πρεσβύτερος as a title among the Jews of the Diaspora appears quite late, except for the allusions in the LXX (cp. Schürer III/1, 102; MAMA III [Cilicia], 344; 448 [cp. ZNW 31, ’32, 313f]. Whether πρεσβύτερος is to be understood in the older Roman inscriptions [CIJ 378] as a title [so CIJ p. lxxxvi], remains doubtful).ⓑ among the Christians (for their use of the word as a title one must bear in mind not only the Jewish custom, but also its use as a t.t. among the ἔθνη, in connection w. associations of the ‘old ones’ [FPoland, Geschichte des griech. Vereinswesens 1909, 98ff] and to designate civic as well as religious officials [Dssm., B 153ff=BS 154–57, NB 60ff=BS 233–35, also LO 315, 5; HHausschildt, ZNW 4, 1903, 235ff; MStrack, ibid. 213ff; HLietzmann, ZWT 55, 1914, 116–32 [=Kl. Schr. I ’58, 156–69]; MDibelius, exc. on 1 Ti 5:17ff; RAlastair-Campbell, The Elders, Seniority within Earliest Christianity ’94.].—BGU 16, 6 [159 A.D.] πρεσβύτεροι ἱερεῖς θεοῦ Σοκνοπαίου; 347, 6; PVindBosw 1, 31 [87 A.D.].—As honorary title: Iren. 4, 26, 5 [Harv. II 238, 3]. The Engl. word ‘priest’ comes fr. πρεσβύτερος via Lat. presbyter; later Christian usage is largely, if not entirely, responsible for this development; s. OED s.v. ‘priest’ B).α. Ac 11:30; 14:23; 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4 (in all the places in Ac 15 and 16 mention is made of οἱ ἀπόστολοι καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι in the Jerusalem church); 20:17; 21:18; 1 Ti 5:17, 19 (Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 103a Jac. νεωτέρῳ πρεσβυτέρου καταμαρτυρεῖν οὐκ ἔξεστι); Tit 1:5; Js 5:14; 1 Pt 5:1, 5 (s. 1a above); 1 Cl 44:5; 47:6; 54:2; 57:1. WWrede, Untersuchungen zum 1 Cl 1891, 8ff.—Acc. to 2 Cl 17:3, 5 exhortation and preaching in the church services were among their duties.—In Ign. the πρεσβύτεροι come after the bishop, to whom they are subordinate IMg 2; 3:1; 6:1, or betw. the bishop and the deacons IPhld inscr.; 10:2; IPol 6:1, or the higher rank of the bishop in comparison to them is made plain in some other way ITr 3:1; 12:2 (s. πρεσβυτέριον b; cp. Hippol., Ref. 9, 12, 22).—Polycarp—an ἐπίσκοπος, accord. to the title of the Ep. bearing his name—groups himself w. πρεσβύτεροι in Pol inscr., and further takes the presence of presbyters in Philippi for granted (beside deacons, though no ἐπίσκοπος is mentioned; cp. Hdb. on Pol inscr.) Pol 5:3.β. Just how we are to understand the words ὁ πρεσβύτερος, applied to himself by the author of the two smallest Johannine letters 2J 1; 3J 1, remains in doubt. But in any case it is meant to indicate a position of great dignity the elder.—HWindisch, exc. on 3J, end; ESchwartz, Über den Tod der Söhne Zebedaei 1904, 47; 51; HWendt, ZNW 23, 1924, 19; EKäsemann, ZTK 48, ’51, 292–311; DWatson, NTS 35, ’89, 104–30, rhetorical analysis of 2J.—ὁ πρ. and οἱ πρ. are mentioned by Papias in these much-discussed passages: 2:3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 15. For some of the lit. s. the note on JKleist’s transl. ’48, p. 207 n. 18.γ. In Rv there are 24 elders sitting on thrones about the throne of God; they form a heavenly council of elders (cp. Is 24:23) 4:4, 10; 5:5–14; 7:11, 13; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4. The elders have been understood as glorified human beings of some kind or astral deities (or angels) (for the var. views s. RCharles, ICC Rv I 128–33; JMichl, D. 24 Ältesten in d. Apk. d. hl. J. ’38); the number 24 has been referred to the following: the 24 priestly classes of the Jews (1 Ch 24:7–18; Jos., Ant. 7, 365–67) whose heads were called ‘elders’ (Yoma 1, 5; Tamid 1, 1; Middoth 1, 8); the 24 stars which, according to Babylonian belief, stood half on the north and half on the south of the zodiac (Diod S 2, 31, 4; POsl 4, 19: HGunkel, Z. religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 42f; Boll 35f); the 24 hours of the day, represented as old men w. shining garments and w. crowns (acc. to the Test. of Adam [ed. CBezold, TNöldeke Festschr. 1906, 893–912]: JWellhausen, Analyse der Offb. Joh. 1907, p. 9, 1; NMorosof, Offb. Joh. 1912, 32); the 24 Yazatas in the state of the gods in heaven, acc. to Persian thought (Bousset). It is certainly an open question whether, or how far, the writer of Rv had any of these things in mind.—On the presbyters, and esp. on the question how ἐπίσκοπος and πρεσβύτερος were originally related to each other (a question which is raised particularly in the pastorals; cp. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. after 1 Ti 3:7 section 2 [w. lit.] and before 5:17), s. the lit. s.v. ἐπίσκοπος.—BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 188–97; WMichaelis, Das Ältestenamt ’53; GBornkamm, πρεσβύτερος; RCampbell, The Elders ’94.—B. 1472. DELG s.v. πρέσβυς. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
2 καμῖνώ
καμῖνώ, οῦς: γρηὶ καμῖνοῖ ϝῖσος, like an old oven-woman, bake-woman (of a clattering tongue, as in Eng. ‘fish-woman’), Od. 18.27†.A Homeric dictionary (Greek-English) (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ομηρικό λεξικό) > καμῖνώ
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3 πρεσβῦτις
πρεσβῦτις, ιδος, ἡ (Aeschyl., Pla.+; perh. CIJ 400 [I B.C.–III A.D.], s. BBrooten, Inscriptional Evidence for Women as Leaders in the Ancient Synagogue: SBLSP 20, ’81, 4; B’s rendering: ‘Here lies Sara Ura, elder [or aged woman]’; Diod S 4, 51, 1; 4 Macc 16:14; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 33; Jos., Ant. 7, 142; 186) old(er) woman, elderly lady Tit 2:3; Hv 1, 2, 2 (γυνὴ πρ., as Aeschines 3, 157).—DELG s.v. πρέσβυς. M-M. -
4 γεροντογρᾴδιο
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > γεροντογρᾴδιο
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5 γραία
γραίᾱ, γραίηold woman: fem nom /voc /acc dualγραίᾱ, γραίηold woman: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱ, γραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc /acc dualγραίᾱ, γραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc /acc dual (ionic)γραίᾱ, γραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric ionic aeolic)γραίᾱ, γραῖοςfem nom /voc /acc dualγραίᾱ, γραῖοςfem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)——————γραίᾱͅ, γραίηold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric ionic aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖοςfem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
6 γραίας
γραίᾱς, γραίηold woman: fem acc plγραίᾱς, γραίηold woman: fem gen sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱς, γραῖαold woman: fem acc plγραίᾱς, γραῖαold woman: fem gen sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱς, γραῖαold woman: fem acc pl (ionic)γραίᾱς, γραῖαold woman: fem gen sg (attic doric ionic aeolic)γραίᾱς, γραῖοςfem acc plγραίᾱς, γραῖοςfem gen sg (attic doric aeolic) -
7 γραίη
γράωgnaw: pres opt act 3rd sgγραίηold woman: fem nom /voc sg (epic ionic)γραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc sg (epic ionic)γραῖοςfem nom /voc sg (epic ionic)——————γραίηold woman: fem dat sg (epic ionic)γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (epic ionic)γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (epic ionic)γραῖοςfem dat sg (epic ionic) -
8 γραίαι
γραίηold woman: fem nom /voc plγραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc plγραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)γραῖοςfem nom /voc pl -
9 γραῖαι
γραίηold woman: fem nom /voc plγραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc plγραῖαold woman: fem nom /voc pl (ionic)γραῖοςfem nom /voc pl -
10 γραιάν
γραίηold woman: fem gen pl (doric aeolic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (doric aeolic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (doric ionic aeolic)γραῖοςmasc /fem gen pl (doric) -
11 γραιᾶν
γραίηold woman: fem gen pl (doric aeolic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (doric aeolic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (doric ionic aeolic)γραῖοςmasc /fem gen pl (doric) -
12 γραιών
γραίηold woman: fem gen plγραίζωskim milk: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic doric)γραῖαold woman: fem gen plγραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (ionic) -
13 γραιῶν
γραίηold woman: fem gen plγραίζωskim milk: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic doric)γραῖαold woman: fem gen plγραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (ionic) -
14 γραιάων
γραιά̱ων, γραίηold woman: fem gen pl (epic aeolic)γραιά̱ων, γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (epic aeolic)γραιά̱ων, γραῖαold woman: fem gen pl (epic ionic aeolic)γραιά̱ων, γραῖοςmasc /fem gen pl (epic aeolic) -
15 γραοτρεφή
γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
16 γραοτρεφῆ
γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)γραοτρεφήςreared by an old woman: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
17 γραίαι
γραίᾱͅ, γραίηold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖαold woman: fem dat sg (attic doric ionic aeolic)γραίᾱͅ, γραῖοςfem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
18 γραίαις
γραίηold woman: fem dat plγραῖαold woman: fem dat plγραῖαold woman: fem dat pl (ionic)γραῖοςfem dat pl -
19 γραίηισι
γραίῃσι, γραίηold woman: fem dat pl (epic ionic)γραίῃσι, γραῖαold woman: fem dat pl (epic ionic)γραίῃσι, γραῖαold woman: fem dat pl (epic ionic)γραίῃσι, γραῖοςfem dat pl (epic ionic) -
20 γραίης
γράωgnaw: pres opt act 2nd sgγραίηold woman: fem gen sg (epic ionic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen sg (epic ionic)γραῖαold woman: fem gen sg (epic ionic)γραῖοςfem gen sg (epic ionic)
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